Nanoscale heat transfer cannot be described by the classical Fourier law due to the very small dimension, and therefore, analyzing heat transfer in nanoscale is of crucial importance for the design and operation of nano-devices and the optimization of thermal processing of nano-materials. Recently, time-fractional dual-phase-lagging (DPL) equations with temperature jump boundary conditions have showed promising for analyzing the heat conduction in nanoscale. This article proposes a numerical algorithm with high spatial accuracy for solving the time-fractional dual-phase-lagging nano-heat conduction equation with temperature jump boundary conditions. To this end, we first develop a fourth-order accurate and unconditionally stable compact finite difference scheme for solving this time-fractional DPL model. We then present a fast numerical solver based on the divide-and-conquer strategy for the obtained finite difference scheme in order to reduce the huge computational work and storage. Finally, the algorithm is tested by two examples to verify the accuracy of the scheme and computational speed. And we apply the numerical algorithm for predicting the temperature rise in a nano-scale silicon thin film. Numerical results confirm that the present difference scheme provides ${\rm min}\{2−α, 2−β\}$ order accuracy in time and fourth-order accuracy in space, which coincides with the theoretical analysis. Results indicate that the mentioned time-fractional DPL model could be a tool for investigating the thermal analysis in a simple nanoscale semiconductor silicon device by choosing the suitable fractional order of Caputo derivative and the parameters in the model.